Dairy from PFAS-Affected Farmland

Milk and dairy from livestock grazing land carrying PFAS.

43Moderate burden · out of 100
Cleaner swapWhere a local advisory names affected farms, dairy sourced outside that area

How this score is built

  1. 100Start
  2. 77Chemical hazard 5 × 4.6−23
  3. 63.4Everyday exposure 4 × 3.4−13.6
  4. 43Persistence 8 × 2.6−20.8, then rounded to 43
  5. ModerateThe band43 sits in 40–59.

What each input rests on

The three ratings behind the score, and the studies each rests on
InputRatingEvidence
Chemical hazard5/10
  • EFSA's contaminants panel judged effects on the immune system the most critical for PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS, set a tolerable weekly intake of 4.4 ng/kg body weight for their sum, and concluded that parts of the European population exceed it.

    Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food · EFSA J 2020

    DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 · PMID 32994824 · Abstract · read 2026-10-05

Everyday exposure4/10
Persistence8/10

Ratings are editorial. A study listed here supports the rating; it did not compute it. How the index is built

What this means for you

The persistence rating is the standout concern here — these compounds linger in the body and environment for years. The EPA lists dairy products from livestock exposed to PFAS among the routes by which PFAS reach food, alongside fish from contaminated water, and notes that biosolids used on agricultural land can affect animals that graze it. The pathway runs through the land, so it surfaces near known contamination rather than everywhere.

Evidence strength: moderate

Sources: US EPA, 'Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS' (page updated 14 July 2026)

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