How the Exposure Index is built

Version 1.6.0 · released 21 October 2026 · CC BY 4.0

Entries

189

Studies cited

163

Ratings with a study

177 of 567

Entries with agency sources

8

What it rates

Each entry is an everyday product or habit. Its Detox Score, from 1 to 100, rates how much avoidable exposure it adds — higher means less. It is an educational rating: not a measured dose, not a personal risk estimate, and not medical advice.

The rule

Each entry carries three editorial ratings from 0 to 10:

• Chemical hazard — how toxic the associated chemicals or particles are.
• Everyday exposure — how much the average person meets them through this source.
• Persistence — how long they linger in the body and the environment.

Detox Score = 100 − 4.6 × hazard − 3.4 × exposure − 2.6 × persistence

The result is rounded and kept between 1 and 100. Bands: 80–100 Minimal · 60–79 Low · 40–59 Moderate · 20–39 High · 1–19 Severe. Each entry also shows an evidence-strength grade (emerging, moderate or strong); it is a judgement about the evidence and does not enter the score. Every entry page prints the arithmetic step by step.

What each rating rests on

A rating can cite studies. Each study is recorded with its DOI or PMID, the rating it supports, where in the paper the finding sits, one sentence on what it shows, and the date it was read. The claim is written from the paper's abstract or the named section, with its numbers as printed. Entry pages list the three ratings beside the score with their studies; a rating without one is labelled unsourced input. Agency pages, such as US EPA guidance, are listed as an entry's sources.

Today 177 of 567 ratings (31%) cite at least one study, across 132 entries. For 17 more, a search found no fitting study; the entry page gives the date and the reason.

Checks every build runs

• Every DOI and PMID must be in a resolution record written by a resolver that opened doi.org, Crossref and PubMed. An identifier that does not resolve, or a PMID whose listed DOI disagrees, stops the build.
• Every study must name its rating, its locator in the paper, its claim and the date it was read.
• Every rating is checked against a dated ratings record. Adding studies cannot change a rating; a difference stops the build.
• An entry added after 28 September 2026 must carry a source with a working link, or the build stops.
• A claims check flags generic environmental claims (such as "eco-friendly" or "non-toxic") and certification words with no named scheme, following Directive (EU) 2024/825; new entries cannot ship with them.
• Internal links, page dates and the data export are checked on every build.

Limitations

• The ratings are editorial judgements. A study supports a rating; it does not compute it, and the steps from 0 to 10 have no published anchors yet.
• Most ratings are not yet sourced: 390 of 567 show "unsourced input".
• The first 185 entries were written without recorded sources (audit of 4 September 2026). Sources added to them since were researched afresh and carry the date they were read; they document the evidence today, not how the original rating was set.
• For filter entries (carbon pitcher, reverse osmosis), the low hazard and persistence ratings reflect a reduced dose, which overlaps with the exposure rating. No study supports them separately, so they stay unsourced.
• Most studies and agency sources are from the United States, and the certification standards named (NSF/ANSI) are US standards.
• The score describes a typical source, not your exposure. The free Exposure Score quiz is a separate, self-reported estimate.
• Ratings can change between versions; the changelog below says what changed.

Money and independence

Nobody pays for an entry, a score or a position. There are no paid listings and no affiliate links on the site. If affiliate links are ever added to swaps, they will be marked as sponsored and disclosed on the page, and they will not change any rating, score or order.

Versions

1.6.0 · 21 October 2026

• Studies added behind 17 ratings on 16 Environment entries: roadside traffic air, regular sauna use, new-car interior off-gassing, untested basement radon, regular exercise, chlorinated pool water, wildfire smoke, glyphosate weed killer, idling a vehicle in an attached garage, firsthand cigarette smoking, charcoal grilling, petrol leaf blowers (from a small-engine operator study that did not test leaf blowers), fireworks smoke, hookah smoke, coal-tar driveway sealant and sewage-sludge fertiliser. Each identifier resolved on doi.org and PubMed; each claim written from the abstract.
• The garden hose entry carries a dated search with no fitting study.
• 18 of the 19 Environment entries now cite at least one study.
• No rating changed; the dated ratings record and its pinned checksum are unchanged.

1.5.0 · 16 October 2026

• Studies added behind 26 ratings on 26 Personal Care entries: antiperspirant, oxybenzone, octinoxate and homosalate sunscreens, triclosan soap, talc powder, permanent hair dye, hair relaxers, keratin smoothing, gel-manicure UV lamps, nail polish, nail salons, mercury skin-lightening creams, kohl, costume jewellery, lipstick, DEET, tampons, scented pads, parabens, fragrance, tattoo ink, lip balm, hand sanitiser, body lotion and hair spray. Each identifier resolved on doi.org and PubMed; each claim written from the abstract.
• Five Personal Care entries carry a dated search with no fitting study: aerosol dry shampoo and aerosol sunscreen (benzene), shampoo, body wash and fragrance-free skincare.
• 28 of the 33 Personal Care entries now cite at least one study.
• No rating changed; the dated ratings record and its pinned checksum are unchanged.

1.4.0 · 12 October 2026

• Studies added behind 19 ratings on 17 Home entries: all-purpose cleaner, bleach, home and garden pesticide sprays, mothballs, old lead paint, flame-retardant furniture foam, mattresses, antibacterial wipes, pressed-wood furniture, pressure-treated wood, scented wax melts, ultrasonic humidifiers, damp and mould, fresh latex paint, vinyl flooring, vinyl mini-blinds and methylene chloride paint stripper. Each identifier resolved on doi.org and PubMed; each claim written from the abstract.
• 26 of the 36 Home entries now cite at least one study.
• No rating changed; the dated ratings record is unchanged, and its checksum is now pinned so a later re-rating shows as its own change.

1.3.1 · 9 October 2026

• Wording: the Vinegar & Baking Soda Cleaning entry's context line no longer says "non-toxic" (Directive (EU) 2024/825 generic-claim vocabulary; the same words are now guarded in the Detoxcellence app). It reads "DIY cleaning basics: vinegar and baking soda".
• No rating, study or source changed.

1.3.0 · 9 October 2026

• Studies added behind 41 ratings on 29 Food entries: farmed salmon, plastic tea bags, sea salt, ultra-processed food, charred grilled meat, deli meats, white rice, infant rice cereal, rice drinks, hijiki, dark chocolate, turmeric, cinnamon, baby food pouches, Ayurvedic supplements, herbal teas, imported candy, imported farmed shrimp, canned tuna, swordfish, large predatory fish, organic and conventional strawberries, conventional grapes, apples and potatoes, canned tomatoes, canned food and brominated vegetable oil. Each identifier resolved on doi.org and PubMed; each claim written from the abstract.
• 33 of the 50 Food entries now cite at least one study.
• No rating changed; the dated ratings record is unchanged.

1.2.0 · 7 October 2026

• Studies added behind 17 ratings on the 13 Air entries and the aerosol air freshener entry: scented candles, plug-in air fresheners, unvented gas stoves, wood-burning fireplaces, HEPA-filtered air, off-gassing new furniture, incense, secondhand smoke, kerosene heaters, 3D printers, laser printers, e-cigarette aerosol, ozone-generating purifiers and aerosol air fresheners. Each identifier resolved on doi.org and PubMed; each claim written from the abstract.
• Every Air entry now cites at least one study.
• No rating changed; the dated ratings record is unchanged.

1.1.0 · 5 October 2026

• Studies added behind 16 ratings on 8 PFAS entries: takeout containers, makeup, artificial turf, paper and bamboo straws, freshwater fish, fluorinated containers, dairy from affected farmland and stain-resistant textiles. Each identifier resolved on doi.org or PubMed; each claim written from the abstract.
• Eleven ratings on 7 PFAS entries are marked searched-and-unsourced, with the search date and the reason no study fits.
• No rating changed. Ratings are now checked against a dated ratings record on every build.

1.0.0 · 2 October 2026

• First versioned release: 189 entries under a published method, with CSV and JSON downloads, a data package descriptor and a CC BY 4.0 licence.
• Studies added behind the ratings of all 8 Water entries and the vermiculite entry; each identifier resolved on doi.org or PubMed and each claim checked against the paper's abstract.
• Six Water entries had their notes or swaps corrected to what the cited studies show: tap, carbon pitcher, reverse osmosis, shower, lead pipes and harvested rainwater.
• The vermiculite entry gained a step-by-step panel from US EPA guidance on what to do if it is in your attic.

Before versioning

• 16 July 2026 — Index launched with 55 entries and the published formula.
• 31 August 2026 — Grew to 185 entries.
• 4 September 2026 — Grew to 189 entries; an audit found no recorded sources for the first 185, and every later row has been required to carry one.
• 11 September 2026 — Claims-vocabulary check added ahead of Directive (EU) 2024/825.
• 28 September 2026 — Sources became a structured field; the JSON export gained a provenance statement.
• 2 October 2026 — Studies with DOI or PMID and a locator added behind score inputs on 20 entries; each entry page shows what each rating rests on.
• 5 October 2026 — PFAS entries sourced: 57 of 567 ratings cite a study; ratings locked against change by a sourcing build.
• 7 October 2026 — Air entries sourced: 74 of 567 ratings cite a study.
• 9 October 2026 — Food entries sourced: 115 of 567 ratings cite a study.
• 12 October 2026 — Home entries sourced: 134 of 567 ratings cite a study.
• 16 October 2026 — Personal Care entries sourced: 160 of 567 ratings cite a study.
• 21 October 2026 — Environment entries sourced: 177 of 567 ratings cite a study.

Open data

The full index is free to reuse under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International: share and adapt it, including commercially, with attribution.

• exposures.json — every entry as stored, with every study record and a provenance statement.
• exposures.csv — one row per entry, with the computed score and band.
• datapackage.json — a Frictionless Data descriptor for both files.

How to cite

Detoxcellence (2026). Detoxcellence Exposure Index (version 1.6.0) [Data set]. https://detoxcellence.com/methodology.html. Licensed CC BY 4.0.

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Studies cited

1. A case study on identification of airborne organic compounds and time courses of their concentrations in the cabin of a new car for private use · Environ Int 2006DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.009 · PMID 15993490 · supports New-Car Interior Off-Gassing (persistence)
2. A critical review of naphthalene sources and exposures relevant to indoor and outdoor air · Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010DOI 10.3390/ijerph7072903 · PMID 20717549 · supports Mothballs (Naphthalene) (exposure)
3. A multi-year heavy metal analysis of 72 dark chocolate and cocoa products in the USA · Front Nutr 2024DOI 10.3389/fnut.2024.1366231 · PMID 39144282 · supports Dark Chocolate (Heavy Metals) (exposure)
4. A preliminary study of the dermal absorption of aluminium from antiperspirants using aluminium-26 · Food Chem Toxicol 2001DOI 10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00118-6 · PMID 11267710 · supports Aluminum Antiperspirant (exposure)
5. A review of silicosis and other silica-related diseases in the engineered stone countertop processing industry · J Occup Med Toxicol 2025DOI 10.1186/s12995-025-00455-8 · PMID 40098042 · supports Engineered Stone Countertop Dust (hazard)
6. A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects · J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2019DOI 10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1 · PMID 30470793 · supports Paper & Bamboo Drinking Straws (hazard), Harvested Rainwater (hazard), Conventional Makeup (PFAS) (hazard), Fluorinated Plastic Containers (hazard), Hot Greasy Takeout Containers (hazard), Stain-Resistant Textiles (PFAS) (hazard)
7. Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds associated with conventional and "green" cleaning products in real-world and laboratory settings · Indoor Air 2022DOI 10.1111/ina.13162 · PMID 36437676 · supports Antibacterial Wipes (exposure), Frequent Unventilated Bleach (exposure)
8. Air contaminant exposures during the operation of lawn and garden equipment · J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2006DOI 10.1038/sj.jes.7500471 · PMID 16519412 · supports Gas-Powered Leaf Blower (2-Stroke) (exposure)
9. Arsenic in seaweed--forms, concentration and dietary exposure · Food Chem Toxicol 2007DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.007 · PMID 17336439 · supports Hijiki Seaweed (exposure)
10. Assessing the Effectiveness of Point-of-Use Residential Drinking Water Filters for Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2020DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00004 · supports Reverse-Osmosis Filtered Water (exposure), Carbon-Filter Pitcher Water (exposure)
11. Assessment of pesticide residues in strawberries grown under various treatment regimes · Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013DOI 10.1080/19440049.2013.850537 · PMID 24303788 · supports Conventional Strawberries (exposure)
12. Assessment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in commercially available drinking straws using targeted and suspect screening approaches · Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023DOI 10.1080/19440049.2023.2240908 · PMID 37619405 · supports Paper & Bamboo Drinking Straws (exposure)
13. Association between children's blood lead levels, lead service lines, and water disinfection, Washington, DC, 1998-2006 · Environ Res 2011DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2010.10.003 · PMID 21112052 · supports Old Lead Plumbing (exposure)
14. Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events · JAMA Intern Med 2015DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187 · PMID 25705824 · supports Regular Sauna Use (hazard)
15. Association of Occupational Exposure to Disinfectants With Incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among US Female Nurses · JAMA Netw Open 2019DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13563 · PMID 31626315 · supports Antibacterial Wipes (hazard)
16. Association of Powder Use in the Genital Area With Risk of Ovarian Cancer · JAMA 2020DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.20079 · PMID 31910280 · supports Talc-Based Body Powder (hazard)
17. Association of residential dampness and mold with respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: a meta-analysis · Environ Health 2010DOI 10.1186/1476-069X-9-72 · PMID 21078183 · supports Damp & Mould in the Home (hazard)
18. Association of Rice and Rice-Product Consumption With Arsenic Exposure Early in Life · JAMA Pediatr 2016DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0120 · PMID 27111102 · supports Infant Rice Cereal (Inorganic Arsenic) (exposure)
19. Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains · Nat Med 2025DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-03453-1 · PMID 39901044 · supports Bottled Water (Plastic) (persistence)
20. Bioavailability of cadmium in inexpensive jewelry · Environ Health Perspect 2011DOI 10.1289/ehp.1003011 · PMID 21377949 · supports Costume Jewelry (Lead & Cadmium) (exposure)
21. Bladder Cancer and Water Disinfection By-product Exposures through Multiple Routes: A Population-Based Case-Control Study (New England, USA) · Environ Health Perspect 2017DOI 10.1289/EHP89 · PMID 28636529 · supports Chlorinated Shower Water (hazard)
22. Changes in Latina Women's Exposure to Cleaning Chemicals Associated with Switching from Conventional to "Green" Household Cleaning Products: The LUCIR Intervention Study · Environ Health Perspect 2021DOI 10.1289/EHP8831 · PMID 34468180 · supports Conventional All-Purpose Cleaner (exposure)
23. Characterization of formaldehyde exposure resulting from the use of four professional hair straightening products · J Occup Environ Hyg 2011DOI 10.1080/15459624.2011.626259 · PMID 22035353 · supports Keratin Hair Smoothing Treatments (exposure)
24. Characterizing emission and breathing-zone concentrations following exposure cases to fluororesin-based waterproofing spray mists · J Occup Environ Hyg 2004DOI 10.1080/15459620490490084 · PMID 15559330 · supports Fabric Protector Spray (PFAS) (exposure)
25. Chemical emissions from residential dryer vents during use of fragranced laundry products · Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2011DOI 10.1007/s11869-011-0156-1 · supports Dryer Sheets & Fabric Softener (exposure)
26. Childhood lead poisoning and vinyl miniblind exposure · Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997DOI 10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170470067012 · PMID 9343015 · supports Vinyl Mini-Blinds (Lead Dust) (exposure)
27. Children's exposure to arsenic from CCA-treated wooden decks and playground structures · Risk Anal 2004DOI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00411.x · PMID 15028000 · supports Pressure-Treated Wood (exposure)
28. Cleaning at Home and at Work in Relation to Lung Function Decline and Airway Obstruction · Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018DOI 10.1164/rccm.201706-1311OC · PMID 29451393 · supports Conventional All-Purpose Cleaner (hazard)
29. Cleaning products and air fresheners: emissions and resulting concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids · Indoor Air 2006DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00414.x · PMID 16683937 · supports Plug-In Air Fresheners (exposure)
30. Coal-tar-based parking lot sealcoat: an unrecognized source of PAH to settled house dust · Environ Sci Technol 2010DOI 10.1021/es902533r · PMID 20063893 · supports Coal-Tar Driveway Sealant (PAHs) (exposure)
31. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury · Neurotoxicol Teratol 1997DOI 10.1016/s0892-0362(97)00097-4 · PMID 9392777 · supports Canned Tuna (hazard), Large Predatory Fish (hazard), Swordfish (High Mercury) (hazard)
32. Concentrations and potential health risks of metals in lip products · Environ Health Perspect 2013DOI 10.1289/ehp.1205518 · PMID 23674482 · supports Lipstick (Lead & Metals) (exposure)
33. Consumer Product Chemicals in Indoor Dust: A Quantitative Meta-analysis of U.S. Studies · Environ Sci Technol 2016DOI 10.1021/acs.est.6b02023 · PMID 27623734 · supports Settled House Dust (exposure)
34. Contribution of vehicle emissions from an attached garage to residential indoor air pollution levels · J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2004DOI 10.1080/10473289.2004.10470931 · PMID 15149044 · supports Idling a Vehicle in an Attached Garage (exposure)
35. Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants · Environ Sci Technol Lett 2016DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260 · PMID 27752509 · supports Unfiltered Tap Water (exposure)
36. Dietary Habits Related to Food Packaging and Population Exposure to PFASs · Environ Health Perspect 2019DOI 10.1289/EHP4092 · PMID 31596611 · supports Microwave Popcorn Bags (exposure)
37. Directly Fluorinated Containers as a Source of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids · Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2023DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00083 · supports Fluorinated Plastic Containers (exposure)
38. Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis · Epidemiology 2004DOI 10.1097/01.ede.0000121380.02594.fc · PMID 15097021 · supports Unfiltered Tap Water (hazard)
39. Disposition of bromodichloromethane in humans following oral and dermal exposure · Toxicol Sci 2007DOI 10.1093/toxsci/kfm190 · PMID 17656487 · supports Chlorinated Shower Water (persistence)
40. DNA damage and somatic mutations in mammalian cells after irradiation with a nail polish dryer · Nat Commun 2023DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-35876-8 · PMID 36650165 · supports Gel Manicure UV Lamps (hazard)
41. Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study · Lancet 2007DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-3 · PMID 17307103 · supports Roadside & Traffic Air (hazard)
42. Effect of home processing on the distribution and reduction of pesticide residues in apples · Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012DOI 10.1080/19440049.2012.690347 · PMID 22738391 · supports Conventional Apples (exposure)
43. Effect of Sunscreen Application on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial · JAMA 2020DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.20747 · PMID 31961417 · supports Oxybenzone Sunscreen (exposure), Homosalate Sunscreen (exposure), Octinoxate Sunscreen (exposure)
44. Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor PM(2.5) and NH(3) in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: A randomized intervention trial · Indoor Air 2021DOI 10.1111/ina.12753 · PMID 32996146 · supports HEPA-Filtered Indoor Air (exposure)
45. Effects of grilling procedures on levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meats · Food Chem 2016DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.017 · PMID 26776018 · supports Charcoal Grill Briquettes (PAH Smoke) (exposure)
46. Effects of Microplastic Exposure on Human Digestive, Reproductive, and Respiratory Health: A Rapid Systematic Review · Environ Sci Technol 2024DOI 10.1021/acs.est.3c09524 · PMID 39692326 · supports Bottled Water (Plastic) (hazard)
47. Elevated Bladder Cancer in Northern New England: The Role of Drinking Water and Arsenic · J Natl Cancer Inst 2016DOI 10.1093/jnci/djw099 · PMID 27140955 · supports Untested Private Well Water (hazard)
48. Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments · Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014DOI 10.1007/s11356-013-2394-2 · PMID 24318837 · supports Scented Candles (Paraffin) (exposure)
49. Emissions of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Commercially Available Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments · Environ Sci Technol 2016DOI 10.1021/acs.est.5b04983 · PMID 26741485 · supports 3D Printer Fumes (exposure)
50. Estimating the High-Arsenic Domestic-Well Population in the Conterminous United States · Environ Sci Technol 2017DOI 10.1021/acs.est.7b02881 · PMID 29043784 · supports Untested Private Well Water (exposure)
51. Fatal exposure to methylene chloride among bathtub refinishers - United States, 2000-2011 · MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012PMID 22357403 · supports Methylene Chloride Paint Stripper (hazard)
52. Flame Retardant Exposure in Vehicles Is Influenced by Use in Seat Foam and Temperature · Environ Sci Technol 2024DOI 10.1021/acs.est.3c10440 · PMID 38712863 · supports New-Car Interior Off-Gassing (exposure)
53. Flame-Free Candles Are Not Pollution-Free: Scented Wax Melts as a Significant Source of Atmospheric Nanoparticles · Environ Sci Technol Lett 2025DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00986 · PMID 39957788 · supports Scented Wax Melts (exposure)
54. Fluorinated Compounds in North American Cosmetics · Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2021DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00240 · supports Conventional Makeup (PFAS) (exposure)
55. Fluorinated Compounds in U.S. Fast Food Packaging · Environ Sci Technol Lett 2017DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00435 · PMID 30148183 · supports Fast-Food Wrappers (PFAS) (exposure)
56. From roof to tap: Emerging public health risks in harvested rainwater · J Environ Manage 2026DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130884 · PMID 42705031 · supports Harvested Rainwater (exposure)
57. Gas and Propane Combustion from Stoves Emits Benzene and Increases Indoor Air Pollution · Environ Sci Technol 2023DOI 10.1021/acs.est.2c09289 · PMID 37319002 · supports Unvented Gas Stove (exposure)
58. Genotoxic effects in swimmers exposed to disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pools · Environ Health Perspect 2010DOI 10.1289/ehp.1001959 · PMID 20833606 · supports Chlorinated Pool Water (exposure)
59. Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon · Science 2004DOI 10.1126/science.1091447 · PMID 14716013 · supports Farmed Salmon (exposure)
60. Global Pattern of Microplastics (MPs) in Commercial Food-Grade Salts: Sea Salt as an Indicator of Seawater MP Pollution · Environ Sci Technol 2018DOI 10.1021/acs.est.8b04180 · PMID 30285421 · supports Sea Salt (Microplastics) (exposure)
61. Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study · J Natl Cancer Inst 2018DOI 10.1093/jnci/djx233 · PMID 29136183 · supports Glyphosate Weed Killer (hazard)
62. Hair-to-blood ratio and biological half-life of mercury: experimental study of methylmercury exposure through fish consumption in humans · J Toxicol Sci 2012DOI 10.2131/jts.37.123 · PMID 22293416 · supports Canned Tuna (persistence), Large Predatory Fish (persistence), Swordfish (High Mercury) (persistence)
63. Half-lives of PFOS, PFHxS and PFOA after end of exposure to contaminated drinking water · Occup Environ Med 2018DOI 10.1136/oemed-2017-104651 · PMID 29133598 · supports Harvested Rainwater (persistence), Unfiltered Tap Water (persistence), Dairy from PFAS-Affected Farmland (persistence), Stain-Resistant Textiles (PFAS) (persistence), Locally Caught Freshwater Fish (persistence)
64. Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses · Br J Nutr 2014DOI 10.1017/S0007114514001366 · PMID 24968103 · supports Organic Strawberries (exposure)
65. Holding thermal receipt paper and eating food after using hand sanitizer results in high serum bioactive and urine total levels of bisphenol A (BPA) · PLoS One 2014DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0110509 · PMID 25337790 · supports Thermal Paper Receipts (exposure)
66. Household low pile carpet usage was associated with increased serum PFAS concentrations in 2005-2006 · Environ Res 2021DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110758 · PMID 33549621 · supports New Carpet (exposure)
67. Human exposure to particles at the air-water interface: Influence of water quality on indoor air quality from use of ultrasonic humidifiers · Environ Int 2020DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105902 · PMID 32623220 · supports Ultrasonic Humidifier (Tap Water) (exposure)
68. Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering · J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2005DOI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500374 · PMID 15138448 · supports Chlorinated Shower Water (exposure)
69. Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements · Sci Total Environ 2021DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143341 · PMID 33153748 · supports White Rice (Arsenic) (exposure)
70. Incense use and respiratory tract carcinomas: a prospective cohort study · Cancer 2008DOI 10.1002/cncr.23788 · PMID 18726993 · supports Burning Incense (hazard)
71. Indoor Emission, Oxidation, and New Particle Formation of Personal Care Product Related Volatile Organic Compounds · Environ Sci Technol Lett 2024DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00353 · PMID 39399287 · supports Aerosol Hair Spray (VOCs) (exposure)
72. Indoor residential chemical emissions as risk factors for respiratory and allergic effects in children: a review · Indoor Air 2007DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00478.x · PMID 17661923 · supports Pressed-Wood Furniture (hazard), Off-Gassing New Furniture (hazard)
73. Infant exposure to emissions of volatile organic compounds from crib mattresses · Environ Sci Technol 2014DOI 10.1021/es405625q · PMID 24548111 · supports Off-Gassing New Furniture (exposure), Conventional Mattress (exposure)
74. Inorganic arsenic levels in rice milk exceed EU and US drinking water standards · J Environ Monit 2008DOI 10.1039/b800981c · PMID 18385862 · supports Rice-Based Drinks (Arsenic) (exposure)
75. Inorganic mercury poisoning associated with skin-lightening cosmetic products · Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011DOI 10.3109/15563650.2011.626425 · PMID 22070559 · supports Skin-Lightening Creams (Mercury) (hazard)
76. Investigation of Lead and Chromium Exposure After Consumption of Contaminated Cinnamon-Containing Applesauce - United States, November 2023-April 2024 · MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2025DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm7414a2 · PMID 40273027 · supports Ground Cinnamon (Lead) (exposure)
77. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods · Sci Total Environ 2019DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.026 · PMID 30253364 · supports Baby Food Pouches (Heavy Metals) (exposure)
78. Lead-contaminated imported tamarind candy and children's blood lead levels · Public Health Rep 2000DOI 10.1093/phr/115.6.537 · PMID 11354337 · supports Imported Candy (Lead) (exposure)
79. Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet · JAMA 2008DOI 10.1001/jama.300.8.915 · PMID 18728265 · supports Ayurvedic Herbal Supplements (exposure)
80. Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship · JAMA Intern Med 2015DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533 · PMID 25844730 · supports Regular Exercise & Sweat (hazard)
81. Level and fate of chlorpropham in potatoes during storage and processing · J Environ Sci Health B 2009DOI 10.1080/03601230802519470 · PMID 19089708 · supports Conventional Potatoes (exposure)
82. Locally caught freshwater fish across the United States are likely a significant source of exposure to PFOS and other perfluorinated compounds · Environ Res 2023DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115165 · PMID 36584847 · supports Locally Caught Freshwater Fish (exposure)
83. Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013DOI 10.1073/pnas.1305372110 · PMID 24145428 · supports Untested Private Well Water (persistence)
84. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis · Environ Health Perspect 2005DOI 10.1289/ehp.7688 · PMID 16002379 · supports Old Lead Plumbing (hazard), Old Lead Paint (hazard)
85. Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study · Lancet Public Health 2018DOI 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30025-2 · PMID 29544878 · supports Old Lead Plumbing (hazard)
86. Measurements and analysis of non-methane VOC (NMVOC) emissions from major domestic aerosol sprays at "source" · Environ Int 2021DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106152 · PMID 33246244 · supports Aerosol Air Freshener Spray (exposure)
87. Mercury in canned tuna: white versus light and temporal variation · Environ Res 2004DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2003.12.001 · PMID 15364590 · supports Canned Tuna (exposure)
88. Meta-analysis of the effects of indoor nitrogen dioxide and gas cooking on asthma and wheeze in children · Int J Epidemiol 2013DOI 10.1093/ije/dyt150 · PMID 23962958 · supports Unvented Gas Stove (hazard)
89. Methanol as an Unlisted Ingredient in Supposedly Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Can Pose Serious Health Risk · Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018DOI 10.3390/ijerph15071440 · PMID 29987197 · supports Recalled Hand Sanitiser (Benzene & Methanol) (hazard)
90. Mineral oil and synthetic hydrocarbons in cosmetic lip products · Int J Cosmet Sci 2016DOI 10.1111/ics.12276 · PMID 26352930 · supports Petroleum-Based Lip Balm (exposure)
91. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors · BMJ 2004DOI 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE · PMID 15213107 · supports Cigarette Smoking (Firsthand) (hazard)
92. Mutagenicity of organic emissions from unvented kerosene heaters in a chamber study · J Toxicol Environ Health 1992DOI 10.1080/15287399209531629 · PMID 1608068 · supports Unvented Portable Kerosene Heater (hazard)
93. Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate · Environ Int 2016DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.005 · PMID 26485058 · supports Nail Polish (Triphenyl Phosphate) (exposure)
94. Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out · Environ Sci Technol 2012DOI 10.1021/es303471d · PMID 23186002 · supports Flame-Retardant Furniture Foam (exposure)
95. Novel exposure biomarkers of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET): Data from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey · Environ Int 2016DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.021 · PMID 27138630 · supports DEET Insect Repellent (exposure)
96. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks in Colorado nail salons · Environ Pollut 2019DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.086 · PMID 30933751 · supports Nail Salon Products (exposure)
97. Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids · Environ Sci Technol 2011DOI 10.1021/es103903d · PMID 21446724 · supports Sewage-Sludge Fertiliser on Garden Soil (persistence)
98. Occurrence of PFAS in Cow's Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities · J Agric Food Chem 2026DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c07211 · PMID 41758925 · supports Dairy from PFAS-Affected Farmland (exposure)
99. Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in animal- and plant-derived food: results of a survey across Europe · Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018DOI 10.1080/19440049.2017.1382726 · PMID 28942718 · supports Herbal Teas (Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids) (exposure)
100. Organic micropollutants measured in roof-harvested rainwater from rural and urban environmental justice communities in Arizona · Sci Total Environ 2023DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162662 · PMID 36898538 · supports Harvested Rainwater (exposure)
101. Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) · Environ Sci Technol 2022DOI 10.1021/acs.est.2c02765 · PMID 35916421 · supports Harvested Rainwater (exposure)
102. Ozone-initiated VOC and particle emissions from a cleaning agent and an air freshener: risk assessment of acute airway effects · Environ Int 2014DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.029 · PMID 24769411 · supports Plug-In Air Fresheners (hazard)
103. Particle emission characteristics of office printers · Environ Sci Technol 2007DOI 10.1021/es063049z · PMID 17937279 · supports Laser Printer Toner Emissions (exposure)
104. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Canadian Fast Food Packaging · Environ Sci Technol Lett 2023DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00926 · PMID 37970096 · supports Hot Greasy Takeout Containers (exposure)
105. Perchlorate behavior in a municipal lake following fireworks displays · Environ Sci Technol 2007DOI 10.1021/es0700698 · PMID 17612176 · supports Fireworks Smoke (Perchlorate & Metals) (persistence)
106. Perfluorinated compounds in fish from U.S. urban rivers and the Great Lakes · Sci Total Environ 2014DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.126 · PMID 25190044 · supports Locally Caught Freshwater Fish (exposure)
107. Perfluorochemicals: potential sources of and migration from food packaging · Food Addit Contam 2005DOI 10.1080/02652030500183474 · PMID 16227186 · supports Hot Greasy Takeout Containers (exposure)
108. Persistent effects of Libby amphibole and amosite asbestos following subchronic inhalation in rats · Part Fibre Toxicol 2016DOI 10.1186/s12989-016-0130-z · PMID 27083413 · supports Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos) (persistence)
109. Personal care product use and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy among women from a fertility clinic · J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014DOI 10.1038/jes.2013.69 · PMID 24149971 · supports Conventional Body Lotion (exposure)
110. Personal use of permanent hair dyes and cancer risk and mortality in US women: prospective cohort study · BMJ 2020DOI 10.1136/bmj.m2942 · PMID 32878860 · supports Permanent Hair Dye (hazard)
111. Pesticide Residues in Table Grapes and Exposure Assessment · J Agric Food Chem 2018DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05707 · PMID 29364655 · supports Conventional Grapes (exposure)
112. Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea · Environ Sci Technol 2019DOI 10.1021/acs.est.9b02540 · PMID 31552738 · supports Plastic Tea Bags (exposure)
113. Postharvest correlation between swordfish (Xiphius gladius) size and mercury concentration in edible tissues · J Food Prot 2015DOI 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-449 · PMID 25710157 · supports Swordfish (High Mercury) (exposure)
114. Processed meat intake and incidence of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies · Eur J Clin Nutr 2020DOI 10.1038/s41430-020-0576-9 · PMID 32029911 · supports Deli Meats (hazard)
115. Pulmonary abnormalities as a result of exposure to Libby amphibole during childhood and adolescence-The Pre-Adult Latency Study (PALS) · Am J Ind Med 2017DOI 10.1002/ajim.22674 · PMID 27859510 · supports Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos) (persistence)
116. PVC flooring is related to human uptake of phthalates in infants · Indoor Air 2013DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00788.x · PMID 22563949 · supports Vinyl (PVC) Flooring (exposure)
117. PVC--as flooring material--and its association with incident asthma in a Swedish child cohort study · Indoor Air 2010DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00671.x · PMID 21070375 · supports Vinyl (PVC) Flooring (hazard)
118. Quantification of ozone levels in indoor environments generated by ionization and ozonolysis air purifiers · J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2006DOI 10.1080/10473289.2006.10464467 · PMID 16739796 · supports Ozone-Generating Air Purifiers (exposure)
119. Quantification of perchloroethylene residues in dry-cleaned fabrics · Environ Toxicol Chem 2011DOI 10.1002/etc.665 · PMID 21898565 · supports Dry-Cleaned Clothes (Perc) (persistence)
120. Quantitation of gas-phase perfluoroalkyl surfactants and fluorotelomer alcohols released from nonstick cookware and microwave popcorn bags · Environ Sci Technol 2007DOI 10.1021/es062377w · PMID 17593716 · supports Microwave Popcorn Bags (exposure), Nonstick (PTFE) Cookware (exposure)
121. Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies · BMJ 2005DOI 10.1136/bmj.38308.477650.63 · PMID 15613366 · supports Untested Basement Radon (hazard)
122. Ranking the contributions of commercial fish and shellfish varieties to mercury exposure in the United States: implications for risk communication · Environ Res 2010DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.006 · PMID 20116785 · supports Large Predatory Fish (exposure)
123. Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024DOI 10.1073/pnas.2300582121 · PMID 38190543 · supports Bottled Water (Plastic) (exposure)
124. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs · EFSA J 2023DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857 · PMID 37089179 · supports Canned Tomatoes (BPA-Lined) (hazard), Canned Food (BPA Lining) (hazard)
125. Reconnaissance of 47 antibiotics and associated microbial risks in seafood sold in the United States · J Hazard Mater 2015DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.075 · PMID 25449970 · supports Imported Farmed Shrimp (exposure)
126. Reducing Phthalate, Paraben, and Phenol Exposure from Personal Care Products in Adolescent Girls: Findings from the HERMOSA Intervention Study · Environ Health Perspect 2016DOI 10.1289/ehp.1510514 · PMID 26947464 · supports Parabens in Cosmetics (exposure)
127. Residential Exposure to Pesticide During Childhood and Childhood Cancers: A Meta-Analysis · Pediatrics 2015DOI 10.1542/peds.2015-0006 · PMID 26371195 · supports Home & Garden Pesticide Sprays (hazard)
128. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food · EFSA J 2020DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 · PMID 32994824 · supports Dairy from PFAS-Affected Farmland (hazard), Locally Caught Freshwater Fish (hazard)
129. Risks for human health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal infusions and food supplements · EFSA J 2017DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4908 · PMID 32625569 · supports Herbal Teas (Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids) (hazard)
130. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive · EFSA J 2021DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585 · PMID 33976718 · supports Titanium Dioxide (E171) in Food (hazard), Titanium Dioxide (E171) in Food (persistence)
131. Serum concentrations of PFASs and exposure-related behaviors in African American and non-Hispanic white women · J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2019DOI 10.1038/s41370-018-0109-y · PMID 30622332 · supports PFAS-Coated Dental Floss (exposure), Stain-Resistant Textiles (PFAS) (exposure)
132. Silicosis Among Immigrant Engineered Stone (Quartz) Countertop Fabrication Workers in California · JAMA Intern Med 2023DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3295 · PMID 37486642 · supports Engineered Stone Countertop Dust (hazard)
133. Simultaneous formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) in gas-grilled beef satay at different temperatures · Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018DOI 10.1080/19440049.2018.1425553 · PMID 29334335 · supports Charred Grilled Meat (exposure)
134. Strong Association between Children's Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Lead Service Lines: A Census Tract-Level Analysis for Two Midwest Cities · Environ Sci Technol 2025DOI 10.1021/acs.est.5c06429 · PMID 41118322 · supports Old Lead Plumbing (exposure)
135. Surma and lead poisoning · Br Med J 1978DOI 10.1136/bmj.2.6142.915 · PMID 709125 · supports Kohl / Kajal Eyeliner (Lead) (exposure)
136. Synchrotron-based ν-XRF mapping and μ-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin · Sci Rep 2017DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-11721-z · PMID 28900193 · supports Coloured Tattoo Ink (Metals & PAHs) (persistence)
137. Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water · Front Chem 2018DOI 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407 · PMID 30255015 · supports Bottled Water (Plastic) (exposure)
138. Tampons as a source of exposure to metal(loid)s · Environ Int 2024DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108849 · PMID 38963987 · supports Conventional Tampons (exposure)
139. The consumption of canned food and beverages and urinary Bisphenol A concentrations in NHANES 2003-2008 · Environ Res 2016DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.008 · PMID 27362993 · supports Canned Food (BPA Lining) (exposure)
140. The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution · Sci Rep 2019DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-43023-x · PMID 31036862 · supports Polyester Clothing (exposure)
141. The effect of different boiling and filtering devices on the concentration of disinfection by-products in tap water · J Environ Public Health 2013DOI 10.1155/2013/959480 · PMID 23476675 · supports Carbon-Filter Pitcher Water (exposure)
142. The high persistence of PFAS is sufficient for their management as a chemical class · Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020DOI 10.1039/d0em00355g · PMID 33230514 · supports Harvested Rainwater (persistence)
143. The influence of physicochemical properties on the internal dose of trihalomethanes in humans following a controlled showering exposure · J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2013DOI 10.1038/jes.2012.80 · PMID 22829048 · supports Chlorinated Shower Water (exposure)
144. The presence of asbestos-contaminated vermiculite attic insulation or other asbestos-containing materials in homes and the potential for living space contamination · J Environ Health 2012PMID 23091967 · supports Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos) (exposure)
145. Toxicokinetics of bone lead · Environ Health Perspect 1991DOI 10.1289/ehp.919133 · PMID 2040248 · supports Old Lead Plumbing (persistence)
146. Toxicological evaluation of brominated vegetable oil in Sprague Dawley rats · Food Chem Toxicol 2022DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113137 · PMID 35588981 · supports Brominated Vegetable Oil (Citrus Sodas) (hazard), Brominated Vegetable Oil (Citrus Sodas) (persistence)
147. Turmeric means "yellow" in Bengali: Lead chromate pigments added to turmeric threaten public health across Bangladesh · Environ Res 2019DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108722 · PMID 31550596 · supports Turmeric Supplements (Lead) (exposure)
148. Ultra-processed food consumption and exposure to phthalates and bisphenols in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2014 · Environ Int 2019DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105057 · PMID 31398592 · supports Ultra-Processed Food (exposure)
149. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food · EFSA J 2024DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8488 · PMID 38239496 · supports White Rice (Arsenic) (hazard), Rice-Based Drinks (Arsenic) (hazard), Hijiki Seaweed (hazard), Infant Rice Cereal (Inorganic Arsenic) (hazard)
150. Urinary and air phthalate concentrations and self-reported use of personal care products among minority pregnant women in New York city · J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010DOI 10.1038/jes.2010.13 · PMID 20354564 · supports Synthetic Fragrance / Perfume (exposure)
151. Urinary concentrations of four parabens in the U.S. population: NHANES 2005-2006 · Environ Health Perspect 2010DOI 10.1289/ehp.0901560 · PMID 20056562 · supports Parabens in Cosmetics (exposure)
152. Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the U.S. population: 2003-2004 · Environ Health Perspect 2008DOI 10.1289/ehp.10768 · PMID 18335095 · supports Antibacterial Soap (Triclosan) (exposure)
153. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers · Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014DOI 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003 · PMID 24373737 · supports Vaping / E-Cigarette Aerosol (exposure)
154. Use of Straighteners and Other Hair Products and Incident Uterine Cancer · J Natl Cancer Inst 2022DOI 10.1093/jnci/djac165 · PMID 36245087 · supports Chemical Hair Relaxers (hazard)
155. Vermiculite, respiratory disease, and asbestos exposure in Libby, Montana: update of a cohort mortality study · Environ Health Perspect 2007DOI 10.1289/ehp.9481 · PMID 17450227 · supports Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos) (hazard)
156. Volatile organic compounds in feminine hygiene products sold in the US market: A survey of products and health risks · Environ Int 2020DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105740 · PMID 32866732 · supports Scented Menstrual Pads (exposure)
157. Watching Paint Dry: Organic Vapor Emissions from Architectural Coatings and their Impact on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation · Environ Sci Technol 2022DOI 10.1021/acs.est.2c02478 · PMID 35929857 · supports Fresh Latex Paint (VOCs) (exposure)
158. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure · Am J Prev Med 2009DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.014 · PMID 19944918 · supports Hookah / Shisha Smoke (exposure)
159. Widespread Occurrence of Non-Extractable Fluorine in Artificial Turfs from Stockholm, Sweden · Environ Sci Technol Lett 2022DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00260 · PMID 35966456 · supports Artificial Turf (Crumb Rubber) (exposure)
160. Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California · Nat Commun 2021DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-21708-0 · PMID 33674571 · supports Wildfire Smoke (hazard)
161. Woodsmoke health effects: a review · Inhal Toxicol 2007DOI 10.1080/08958370600985875 · PMID 17127644 · supports Wood-Burning Fireplace (hazard)
162. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries · Lancet 2011DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8 · PMID 21112082 · supports Secondhand Cigarette Smoke (hazard)
163. Zonolite attic insulation exposure studies · Int J Occup Environ Health 2010DOI 10.1179/107735210799160219 · PMID 20662420 · supports Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos) (exposure)

Agency and other sources

• US DOE — Energy Renovations: Insulation, a guide for contractors to share with homeowners (May 2012), Table 2.2read 2026-10-02 · cited on Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos)
• US EPA — Identifying drinking water filters certified to reduce PFAS (updated 2025-11-18)read 2026-10-02 · cited on Reverse-Osmosis Filtered Water, Carbon-Filter Pitcher Water, Unfiltered Tap Water
• US EPA — My attic has vermiculite insulation in it. Am I at risk? (updated 2026-07-20)read 2026-10-02 · cited on Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos)
• US EPA — Protect your family from asbestos-contaminated vermiculite insulation (updated 2026-04-17)read 2026-10-02 · cited on Vermiculite Attic Insulation (Asbestos)
• US EPA news release, 11 July 2024, 'EPA Releases New Science-Based Recommendations to Help More States, Tribes, and Territories Reduce Exposure to PFAS in Fish'read 2026-09-28 · cited on Locally Caught Freshwater Fish
• US EPA, 'Draft Sewage Sludge Risk Assessment for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS)', released 14 Jan 2025, EPA 820-P-25-001, Docket EPA-HQ-OW-2024-0504read 2026-09-28 · cited on Sewage-Sludge Fertiliser on Garden Soil
• US EPA, 'Meaningful and Achievable Steps You Can Take to Reduce Your Risk'read 2026-09-28 · cited on Locally Caught Freshwater Fish
• US EPA, 'Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS' (page updated 14 July 2026)read 2026-09-28 · cited on Dairy from PFAS-Affected Farmland
• US EPA, 'Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Pesticide and Other Packaging' (page updated 3 Nov 2025; container leaching study 8 Sept 2022; TSCA s.21 petition granted 10 July 2024)read 2026-09-28 · cited on Fluorinated Plastic Containers